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2017/11/13 16:43:47测量仪器本身是否会对测量结果造成偏差?
——在涡度协方差系统中,如何确保测量准确
三维超声风速仪是涡度协方差测量系统中的核心测量组件。有研究表明,在对风速进行测量时,哪怕超声风速仪传感器的体积很小,也会对风速测量结果产生偏差【1,2,3,4,5,6】。另外,如果采用合体式设计思路,即把三维超声风速仪和气体分析仪合二为一。由于气体分析仪位于三维超声风速仪采样空间内部或与其非常接近【7,8】,风速的测量误差就会很大(图1)。
图1 若物体距离三维超声风速仪太近,如气体分析仪,就会导致其风速测量不可靠。
理论上,涡度协方差系统测量同一涡旋的风速和其对应的气体密度。但在实际测量时,却不能这样。合体式设计思路,由于其测量组件本身就会对涡旋造成扰动,这种扰动所导致的测量误差很难被量化,且不可进行后续订正【6,7,8,9】。
那怎么办呢?研究表明,一个简单的解决方案就是采用分体式思路:三维超声风速仪和气体分析仪以一定间距(10-20cm)分开测量。这种分体式测量,只需对原始数据做一个简单的数据订正就可以得到准确结果【10,11,12】。
LI-COR的涡度协方差测量系统以严谨的科研成果为依据,采用分体式设计思路(图2),确保了涡度通量数据的准确、可靠。
图2 LI-COR分体式涡度协方差测量系统设计思路
参考文献
[1] Wyngaard, J. C., 1981. The effects ofprobe-induced flow distortion on atmospheric turbulence measurements. Journalof Applied Meteorology, 20: 784-794.
[2] Wyngaard, J. C., 1988. Flow-distortioneffects on scalar flux measurements in the surface layer: Implications forsensor design. In Hicks, B. B. (Eds) Topics in Micrometeorology. A Festschriftfor Arch Dyer. Springer, Dordrecht.
[3] Frank, J. M., W. J. Massman, and B. E.Ewers, 2013. Underestimates of sensible heat flux due to vertical velocitymeasurement errors in non-orthogonal sonic anemometers. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology, 171-172: 72-81.
[4] Horst, T. W., S. R. Semmer, and G.Maclean, 2015. Correction of a non-orthogonal, three-component sonic anemometerfor flow distortion by transducer shadowing. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 155(3): 371-395.
[5] Frank, J. M., W. J. Massman, E.Swiatek, H. A. Zimmerman, and B. E. Ewers, 2016. All sonic anemometers need tocorrect for transducer and structural shadowing in their velocity measurements.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 33(1): 149-167.
[6] Huq, S., F. De Roo, T. Foken, M.Mauder, 2017. Evaluation of probe-induced flow distortion of Campbell CSAT3sonic anemometers by numerical simulation. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 165(1):9-28.
[7] Horst, T. W., R. Vogt, and S. P.Oncley, 2016. Measurements of flow distortion within the IRGASON integratedsonic anemometer and CO2/H2O gas analyzer. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 160(1):1-15.
[8] Dyer, A. J., 1981. Flow distortion bysupporting structures. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 20(2): 243-251.
[9] Grare, L., L. Lenain, and W. K.Melville, 2016. The influence of wind direction on Campbell Scientific CSAT3and Gill R3-50 sonic anemometer measurements. Journal of Atmospheric andOceanic Technology, 33(11): 2477-2497.
[10] Moore, C. J., 1986. Frequency responsecorrections for eddy covariance systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 37: 17-35.
[11] Horst, T. W., and D. H. Lenschow,2009. Attenuation of scalar fluxes measured with spatially-displaced sensors.Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 130(2): 275-300.
[12] Mauder, M., and T. Foken, 2011.Documentation and Instruction Manual of the Eddy-Covariance Software PackageTK3.
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