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2014/9/16 9:08:48德国力士乐REXROTH柱塞泵工作原理、故障判断及部分型号解疑
力士乐变量柱塞泵工作原理:
变量柱塞泵的压力油经泵体、泵壳变量壳体中的通油孔通过单向阀进入变 量壳体的下腔,当拉杆向下运动时,推动伺服活塞向下移动,伺服阀的上阀口打开,变量壳体下腔的压力油经变量活塞中的通油孔进入变量壳体上腔,由于上腔面积 大于下腔,液压力推动活塞向下运动,带动销轴使变量头绕钢球中心旋转,改变变量头的倾斜角(增大),柱塞泵的流量随之增大。反之拉杆向上运动,变量头的倾 斜角向相反方向变化,泵的流量也随之变化。当倾斜角度变至零以后,则变量头向负偏角方向变化,液流产生换向,泵的进出油口变换。
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力士乐变量柱塞泵常见故障:
1.液压泵输出流量不足或不输出油液
(1)吸入量不足。原因是吸油管路上的阻力过大或补油量不足。如泵的转速过大,油箱中液面过低,进油管漏气,滤油器堵塞等。
(2)泄漏量过大。原因是泵的间隙过大,密封不良造成。如配油盘被金属碎片、铁屑等划伤,端面漏油;变量机构中的单向阀密封面配合不好,泵体和配油盘的支承面有砂眼或研痕等。可以通过检查泵体内液压油中混杂的异物判别泵被损坏的部位。
(3)倾斜盘倾角太小,泵的排量少,这需要调节变量活塞,增加斜盘倾角。
2.中位时排油量不为零
变量式轴向柱塞泵的斜盘倾角为零时称为中位,此时泵的输出流量应为零。但有时会出现中位偏离调整机构中点的现象,在中点时仍有流量输出。其原因是控制器的位置偏离、松动或损伤,需要重新调零、紧固或更换。泵的角度维持力不够、倾斜角耳轴磨损也会产生这种现象。
3.输出流量波动
输 出流量波动与很多因素有关。对变量泵可以认为是变量机构的控制不佳造成,如异物进入变量机构,在控制活塞上划出阶痕、磨痕、伤痕等,造成控制活塞运动不稳 定。由于放大器能量不足或零件损坏、含有弹簧的控制活塞的阻尼器效能差,都会造成控制活塞运动不稳定。流量不稳定又往往伴随着压力波动。这类故障一般要拆 开液压泵,更换受损零部件,加大阻尼,提高弹簧刚度和控制压力等。
4.输出压力异常
泵的输出压力是由负载决定的,与输入转矩近似成正比。输出压力异常有两种故障。
(1)输出压力过低
当 泵在自吸状态下,若进油管路漏气或系统中液压缸、单向阀、换向阀等有较大的泄漏,均会使压力升不上去。这需要找出漏气处,紧固、更换密封件,即可提高压 力。溢流阀有故障或调整压力低,系统压力也上不去,应重新调整压力或检修溢流阀。如果液压泵的缸体与配流盘产生偏差造成大量泄漏,严重时,缸体可能破裂, 则应重新研磨配合面或更换液压泵。
(2)输出压力过高
若回路负载持续上升,泵的压力也持续上升,当属正常。若负载一定,泵的压力超过负载所需压力值,则应检查泵以外的液压元件,如方向阀、压力阀、传动装置和回油管道。若zui大压力过高,应调整溢流阀。
5.振动和噪声
振动和噪声是同时出现的。它们不仅对机器的操作者造成危害,也对环境造成污染。
(1)机械振动和噪声
如泵轴和电机轴不同心或顶死,旋转轴的轴承、联轴节损伤,弹性垫破损和装配螺栓松动均会产生噪声。对于高速运转或传输大能量的泵,要定期检查,记录各部件的振幅、频率和噪声。如泵的转动频率与压力阀的固有频率相同时,将会引起共振,可改变泵的转速以消除共振。
(2)管道内液流产生的噪声
进油管道太细、进油滤油器通流能力过小或堵塞、进油管吸入空气、油液豁度过高、油面过低吸油不足和高压管道中产生液击等,均会产生噪声。因此,必须正确设计油箱,正确选择滤油器、油管和方向阀。
6.液压泵过热
液 压泵过度发热有两个原因,一是机械摩擦生热。由于运动表面处于干摩擦或半干摩擦状态,运动部件相互摩擦生热。二是液体摩擦生热。高压油通过各种缝隙泄漏到 低压腔,大量的液压能损失转为热能。所以正确选择运动部件之间的间隙、油箱容积和冷却器,可以杜绝泵的过度发热和油温过高的现象。另外,回油过滤器堵塞造 成回油背压过高,也会引起油温过高和泵体过热。
7.漏油
柱塞泵漏油主要有以下原因:
(1)主轴油封损坏或轴有缺陷、划痕;
(2)内部泄漏过大,造成油封处压力增大,而将油封损伤或冲出;
(3)泄油管过细过长,使密封处漏油;
(4)泵的外接油管松动,管接头损伤,密封垫老化或产生裂纹;
(5)变量调节机构螺栓松动,密封破损;
(6)铸铁泵壳有砂眼或焊接不良。
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