3D细胞微球体培养系统
适合细胞特别是三维细胞、细胞球微重力培养，多达16个生长培养腔:相互独立,高度灵活！平滑旋转：16个微电脑控制旋转，无抖动从1到60rpm能速度可调节,步长为0.1rpm,调节球状体生长。
固定体积:刚性膜,10mL固定体积,防止蒸发影响盐及其它培养成分的浓度(synthecon厂家RCCS配备可拉伸硅胶膜,在细胞培养过程中,水分会从膜内蒸发,培养基离子强度会显著增加，拟组织内细胞会受到胁迫)
内置水合腔和加湿通路：
可置于干燥的孵箱内使用，减少细菌和支原体污染。在长期培养时这点尤其重，RCCS没有水合腔。
产量高:每个成熟的生物反应器含有超过300个球状体,每个由80000-100000个细胞组成
稳定培养:球形体可培养一年超低剪切力:剪切力干扰基因表达和invivo功能
内置*储液器：培养腔内无净蒸发
扩散能力强:可培养大尺寸球状体,培养基流经球状体，使其生长至直径1-2mm(与细胞类型有关）,同时中心不发生坏死。
拟组织:球状体和类器模拟invivo组织
生物反应器侧面带有端口，便于更换培养基和除气泡
该生物反应器可以打开：可使实验人员随时收集或处理样本(而RCCS生物反应器不可以)
易操作：
培养腔类似培养皿，可重复打开和关闭
降低污染风险:干燥孵箱内用,无污染风险
热中性驱动:驱动不影响孵箱内温度
数据日志:各个驱动设置和BAM系统状态都会被记录，用于记录性
小巧尺寸:适合多数CO2孵箱
与RCCS系统比较
注意:
该系统和Sythecon系统相对于其它3D培养系统（悬滴培养、低吸附板、芯片等）具有明显优势，此处未涉及。
该三维微球培养系统优点
1) 三维微球培养系统腔室可以打开，而RCCS生物反应器不可以。
此特点可使实验人员随时收集或处理样本。例如，可用药物处理3D组织，然后研究其对拟组织的效应和恢复情况。
2) 体积固定(10 mL)。
RCCS生物反应器配备了可拉伸硅胶膜，灌注体积高达12 mL。在细胞培养过程中，水分会从膜内蒸发，在出现明
显气泡前体积可降至8 mL。此时培养基离子强度会显著增加，拟组织内的细胞会受到胁迫。CelVivo生物反应器采用
了刚性膜，体积为10 mL，不会发生这种情况。
3) 生物反应器侧面带有端口，便于更换培养基和除气泡。
4) 三维微球培养系统腔室内置水合腔和加室通路。
此特点可使其置于干燥的孵箱内使用，减少细菌和支原体污染。在长期培养时这点尤其重要（有的实验培养时间超过300
天）。RCCS没有水合腔。
Publications
- Metabolic Reprogramming and the Recovery of Physiological Functionality in 3D Cultures in Micro-Bioreactors
Krzysztof Wrzesinski and Stephen J. Fey
Bioengineering, 5 (2) 1-25: 2018
- Recent advances in three-dimensional cell culturing to assess liver function and dysfunction: from a drug biotransformation and toxicity perspective.
Carlemi Calitz, Josias H. Hamman, Stephen J. Fey, Krzysztof Wrzesinski & Chrisna Gouws
Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2018
DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1422580
- Acetaminophen-induced S-nitrosylation and S-sulfenylation signalling in 3D cultured hepatocarcinoma cell spheroids.
K. Wojdyla, K. Wrzesinski, J. Williamson, P. Roepstorff, S.J. Fey, A. Rogowska-Wrzesinska
Toxicology Research 5(2) 905-920, 2016
DOI: 10.1039/C5TX00469A
- From 2D to 3D - a new dimension for modelling the effect of natural products on human tissue.
K. Wrzesinski and S.J. Fey
Current Pharmaceutical Design 21(38): 5605-5616, 2015.
PMID: 26429710
DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666151002114227 - Top-down and Middle-down Protein Analysis Reveals that Intact and Clipped Human Histones Differ in Post-translational Modification Patterns.
A. Tvardovskiy, K. Wrzesinski, S. Sidoli, S.J. Fey, A. Rogowska-Wrzesinska, O.N. Jensen
Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 14(12):3142-53; 2015.
PMID: 26424599
DOI: 10.1074/mcp.M115.048975
- The cultural divide: exponential growth in classical 2D and metabolic equilibrium in 3D environments.
K. Wrzesinski, A. Rogowska-Wrzesinska, R. Kanlaya, K. Borkowski, V. Schwämmle, J. Daia, K.E. Joensen, K. Wojdyla, V. Botelho Carvalho & S.J. Fey
PLOS One 9(9) 1-15; 2014
PMID: 25222612
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106973
- The cultural divide: exponential growth in classical 2D and metabolic equilibrium in 3D environments.
K. Wrzesinski, A. Rogowska-Wrzesinska, K. Borkowski, V. Botelho Carvalho & S.J. Fey
Poster at 9th Danish Conference on Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Vejle; 2014
DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2643.2965 - Heteromer score – using internal standards to assess the quality of proteomic data.
A. Rogowska-Wrzesinska, K. Wrzesinski and S.J. Fey
Proteomics. 14(9):1042-7 2014
PMID: 24616253
DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300457
- Microgravity spheroids as a reliable, long term tool for predictive toxicology.
S.J. Fey and K. Wrzesinski
Toxicology Letters, 221S S153 2013.
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.05.318 - Determination of acute lethal and chronic lethal dose thresholds of Valproic acid using 3D spheroids constructed from the immortal human hepatocyte cell line HepG2/C3A.
S.J. Fey and K. Wrzesinski
In ''Valproic Acid: Pharmacology, Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Implications'' Nova Science Publishers, New York. Ch. V, 141-165; 2013 - Human liver spheroids exhibit stable physiological functionality for at least 24 days after recovering from trypsinisation.
K. Wrzesinski, C.M. Magnone, L. Visby Hansen, M. Ehrhorn Kruse, T. Begauer, M. Bobadilla, M. Gubler, J. Mizrahi, C. Møller Andreasen, K. Zhang, K. Eyed Joensen, S.M. Andersen and S.J. Fey
Toxicology Research; 2(3) 163-172; 2013
DOI: 10.1039/C3TX20086H
NB: Manuscript featured on the front cover of the journal.
- After trypsinisation, 3D spheroids of C3A hepatocytes need 18 days to re-establish similar levels of key physiological functions to those seen in the liver.
K. Wrzesinski and S.J. Fey
Toxicology Research; 2(2) 123-135; 2013
DOI: 10.1039/C2TX20060K
NB: Manuscript featured on the front cover of the journal.
- Determination of drug toxicity using 3D spheroids constructed from immortalized human hepatocytes.
S.J. Fey and K. Wrzesinski
Toxicological Sciences 127(2) 403-411; 2012.
PMID: 22454432
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs122
